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Table Tennis (Professional Athlete & WTT Circuit Guide)

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Competitive Table Tennis — TTFI National Championships, Ultimate Table Tennis (UTT), World Table Tennis (WTT) & Olympic Pathway

Category: Olympic & Combat Sports · Skills

bolt 60-Second Summary & Quick Facts

Exhaustive 10/10 Gold-Standard guide to competitive table tennis in India and globally—covering grassroots training, Table Tennis Federation of India (TTFI) national ranking circuits, Ultimate Table Tennis (UTT), World Table Tennis (WTT Grand Smash), blade carbon composite engineering, inverted vs pimpled rubber aerodynamics, forehand loop brush physics, Chiquita banana flick biomechanics, and public sector sports quotas.

Stage / Category: Olympic & Combat Sports
Target Group: Students & Parents
Core Focus: Foundational Mastery

Table tennis is a lightning-fast Olympic indoor racquet sport contested across a 2.74m x 1.525m table divided by a 15.25cm net. Two players (singles) or four players (doubles) use laminated wooden and carbon-fiber blades surfaced with specialized rubber sheets to strike a hollow 40+ plastic ball weighing just 2.7 grams. Governed globally by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) and in India by the Table Tennis Federation of India (TTFI), the sport requires sub-second reaction times, reading micro-rotations exceeding 8,000 RPM, and multidirectional footwork. India has emerged as a global powerhouse through legends like Sharath Kamal, Manika Batra, Sathiyan Gnanasekaran, and Sreeja Akula.

1. Plain-English Discipline Overview & 5-Step Table Tennis Player Roadmap

What is Competitive Table Tennis?

Table tennis is an elite Olympic combat sport of high-speed spin dynamics, governed globally by the **International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)** and nationally by the **Table Tennis Federation of India (TTFI)**. Contested in best-of-five or best-of-seven games (each game to 11 points with a 2-point margin), athletes battle across a 2.74m × 1.525m hardboard table using customized composite blades faced with vulcanized rubber sheets to project a 40mm, 2.7-gram plastic ball.

Unlike recreational ping-pong, professional table tennis is a battle of supersonic aerodynamics. The ball reaches speeds of **100 to 120 km/h** over a distance of barely 3 meters, leaving players with reaction windows of **under 0.15 to 0.25 seconds**. Elite loopers impart over **100 to 150 revolutions per second (6,000 to 9,000 RPM)** of heavy topspin, backspin, and corkscrew sidespin, demanding razor-sharp visual tracking, explosive wrist twitch, and precise split-step footwork.

The 5-Step Chronological Table Tennis Player Progression Roadmap

Step 1
Grip Mastery & Multiball Foundation (Ages 6–10 | Years 1–3)

Adopt the standard Shakehand grip (or traditional Penhold grip). Develop basic forehand and backhand counter-hitting, push-to-push backspin rallies, and basic pendulum serving mechanics. Train using intensive multiball drills (feeding 60–90 balls per minute) to burn muscle memory. Compete in district Cadet tournaments and school leagues.

Step 2
TTFI National Ranking Tournaments: U-11 to U-15 (Ages 10–14 | Years 3–5)

Register for a TTFI Player ID. Compete across the national circuit: **Zonal National Ranking Tournaments (North, South, East, West, Central)** and the **National Sub-Junior Championships**. Transition to professional custom equipment (5-ply wood or Arylate-Carbon blades with tensor rubbers). Master the forehand open-up loop against backspin and backhand flick techniques.

Step 3
WTT Youth Series & Junior National Squad (Ages 14–18 | Years 5–7)

Compete in the **WTT Youth Contender** and **WTT Youth Star Contender** circuits across Asia and Europe to build an official ITTF World Youth Ranking. Top performers enter the Junior National Camp and represent India at the Asian Youth Championships and World Youth Championships. Master the modern Chiquita banana flick and short-serve push deception.

Step 4
Senior Nationals, Ultimate Table Tennis (UTT) & PSU Recruitment (Ages 18–22 | Years 7–10)

Compete in the **Senior National Table Tennis Championship** and Inter-Institutional Championships. Standout players earn permanent sports-quota officer positions in Petroleum PSUs (IOCL, BPCL, ONGC), Reserve Bank of India (RBI), or Indian Railways. Enter the **Ultimate Table Tennis (UTT)** player draft, competing alongside top 50 world stars.

Step 5
WTT Pro Tour, Asian Games & Olympic Games (Ages 20+ | Elite International)

Compete on the senior **World Table Tennis (WTT) Series** (WTT Feeder, Contender, Star Contender, Champions, and Grand Smashes). Break into the ITTF World Top 50. Represent India at the Commonwealth Games, Asian Games, World Team Championships, and the Olympic Games.

2. Do I Need This? Self-Selection Matrix & Playing Style Archetype Diagnostic

Table tennis accommodates radically divergent playing philosophies. From lightning close-to-table counter-hitters to modern long-range defensive choppers, matching your equipment and tactical strategy to your natural motor profile is crucial:

Playing Style Archetype Exemplar Athletes Table Distance & Position Equipment Configuration Tactical Gameplan
Two-Wing Offensive Looper Sharath Kamal, Ma Long, Fan Zhendong Mid-distance (1.5 to 2.5m behind table) Offensive Carbon blade (ALC/ZLC) + Double Inverted smooth tensor rubbers Overwhelms opponents with continuous heavy topspin loops from both flanks; aggressive third-ball attacks
Close-to-Table Counter-Attacker Sathiyan Gnanasekaran, Harimoto Tomokazu Right on the white line (0.5 to 1.0m from table) Fast, crisp wood/carbon blade + Spring sponge tensor rubbers Takes the ball on the early rise; uses opponent's speed to punch sharp angles before they can recover
Pips Deceiver / Material Twiddler Manika Batra, Ni Xia Lian, Sreeja Akula Close-to-table variable distance Smooth inverted rubber on forehand + Long Pips / Anti-Spin on backhand Blocks topspin with long pips to reverse spin into heavy backspin; twiddles racquet mid-rally to disrupt timing
Modern Defensive Chopper Joo Sae-hyuk, Ruwen Filus, Han Ying Deep backcourt (3.0 to 5.0m behind table) Oversized defensive wood blade + Long pips (BH) + Tacky inverted (FH) Chops opponent's smashes into backspin bullets 4 meters back; suddenly sprints forward to counter-loop

3. Grip Architecture: Shakehand vs Traditional Penhold vs Reverse Penhold (RPB)

The mechanical connection between the athlete and blade determines the biomechanical limits of wrist mobility and reach:

Shakehand Grip (Global Standard)

The handle is grasped like shaking hands, with the index finger extended along the bottom edge of the backhand rubber. Offers symmetrical power, natural reach, and effortless transitions between forehand and backhand wings. Used by >90% of Indian and European professionals.

Traditional Chinese Penhold

The blade is held like a fountain pen, with the thumb and index finger clamped around the front handle and three fingers curled on the back. Delivers unmatched wrist flexibility on serves and destructive forehand attacks, but traditionally suffers from a weak backhand block.

Reverse Penhold Backhand (RPB)

Pioneered by Liu Guoliang and Wang Hao. Instead of using the front face for backhand pushes, the player uses the reverse side of the penhold blade, enabling full-power backhand topspin loops with explosive wrist snap from all areas of the table.

4. Blade Engineering: Wood Plys vs Carbon Matrices (ALC, ZLC & Super ZLC)

Under ITTF regulations, at least 85% of the blade's thickness must be natural wood. The remaining 15% can be reinforced with composite carbon layers that dramatically alter vibration, dwell time, and speed:

1. All-Wood Blades (5-Ply & 7-Ply Pure Wood)

Composed of layered natural timbers (Koto, Limba, Ayous, Balsa):

  • 5-Ply Wood (e.g., Stiga Allround Classic, Donic Appelgren): High flexibility and long "dwell time" (the milliseconds the ball stays in contact with the rubber). Provides maximum spin generation and tactile feedback. Ideal for developing junior loopers.
  • 7-Ply Wood (e.g., Stiga Clipper): Thicker and stiffer. Excellent for flat hitting, close-to-table blocking, and pips play.
2. Carbon Composite Matrices (ALC vs ZLC)

Synthetic carbon fibers weave into the wood plies to expand the blade's "sweet spot" and reduce vibration:

  • Arylate-Carbon (ALC — e.g., Butterfly Viscaria, Timo Boll ALC): Blends carbon speed with arylate elasticity. Dampens excessive vibration, offering a crisp yet controllable feeling. The choice of over 60% of modern world-ranked professionals.
  • Zylon-Carbon (ZLC / Super ZLC — e.g., Zhang Jike ZLC): Zylon fibers provide immense tensile strength and a lower trajectory. Extremely fast with a massive sweet spot, requiring world-class footwork to control.
  • Innerforce Structure: Placing the carbon layer adjacent to the center core (beneath two wood veneers) provides wood-like feel on soft touches and carbon explosion on full-power shots.

5. Rubber Physics: Inverted Smooth, Short Pips, Long Pips & Anti-Spin Dynamics

The rubber sheet is the contact medium that dictates spin physics. ITTF mandates that a player must have one red and one different colored rubber (black, blue, pink, green, or purple), each with distinct surface mechanics:

Rubber Category Surface Geometry & Sponge Spin & Velocity Physics Tactical Application Exemplar Brands
Inverted Smooth (Tensor / Spring Sponge) Pimples face inward; smooth topsheet on high-elasticity porous sponge Maximum friction; produces up to 9,000 RPM topspin; explosive catapult effect Universal offensive looping, counter-topspin rallies, heavy spin serves Butterfly Dignics 09c / Tenergy 05, Tibhar Evolution MX-P
Tacky Chinese Inverted Ultra-sticky surface sheet on hard, dense blue/orange sponge Insane mechanical spin at low speeds; ball literally sticks to rubber if pressed Devastating short touch game, short drop shots, high-torque forehand loops DHS Hurricane 3 Neo (National / Provincial versions)
Short Pips (Pips-Out) Conical pimples face outward; thin-to-medium sponge Low friction; immune to opponent's incoming spin; flat, dead ball trajectory Lightning close-to-table counter-hitting, fast smashes against topspin TSP Spectol, Butterfly Impartial XS
Long Pips (Frictionless / Grippy) Thin, elongated pimples that bend on contact; sponge ≤ 1.0mm or zero sponge (OX) Spin Reversal: Opponent's heavy topspin is returned as heavy backspin without any effort Manika Batra's signature backhand block; confuses attackers with dead wobbly balls Tibhar Grass D.TecS, TSP Curl P1V
Anti-Spin Rubber Completely slick, frictionless smooth surface on dead dampening sponge Zero spin generation; kills all ball velocity, dropping shots dead over the net Emergency defensive blocking; neutralizing spin-heavy attackers Nittaku Best Anti, Dr. Neubauer A-B-S

6. Biomechanics of the Forehand Loop: Tangential Brush Physics & Kinetic Chain

The forehand topspin loop is the foundational offensive weapon of modern table tennis. Unlike a tennis strike or baseball hit where the ball is struck solidly, an elite table tennis loop relies on tangential brush contact:

Step 1
The Backswing & Right Hip Coil

Lower the center of gravity by flexing both knees into an athletic crouch. Rotate the right hip and right shoulder backward, shifting 70% of body weight to the right foot. Drop the blade tip downward with a relaxed wrist to allow the rubber to brush upward.

Step 2
Ground Reaction Force & Hip Uncoiling

Drive explosively off the right foot into the floor. The right hip snaps counter-clockwise, pulling the torso and shoulder forward. The arm remains loose like a whip, accelerating the blade head through the strike zone.

Step 3
Tangential Brush Contact & Magnus Downforce

Contact the ball at the top of the bounce. Do NOT hit through the ball center; graze the upper hemisphere of the ball at a closed 45-degree angle. The rubber sponge compresses and grips the plastic surface, imparting 120+ revolutions per second. The resulting Magnus effect pulls the ball downward in an aggressive arc onto the opponent's baseline.

7. The Modern Backhand Banana Flick (Chiquita) & Over-the-Table Aggression

The Shot That Revolutionized Modern Table Tennis: The Chiquita

Pioneered by Czech master Petr Korbel and named after the curved Chiquita banana, the backhand over-the-table flick completely dismantled traditional table tennis strategy. Historically, players pushed short backspin serves defensively. The Chiquita allows an aggressive receiver to step deep over the table, twist their wrist 180 degrees, and unleash a lethal topspin-sidespin loop directly off a short ball.

Perfected by Chinese icons Zhang Jike and Fan Zhendong, the Chiquita transforms a defensive serve reception into an immediate offensive initiative, neutralising the server's natural third-ball advantage.

The 4 Mechanical Steps of the Chiquita Flick
  • Right Foot Step-In: Step the dominant right foot completely under the table, bringing the chest to within 20cm of the ball.
  • Elbow Up & Wrist Hyper-Flexion: Elevate the right elbow and bend the wrist inward toward the stomach until the racquet tip points directly backward toward the receiver's chest.
  • Snapping Around the Ball: As the ball reaches its peak, snap the wrist outward and upward around the left/outer side of the ball, imparting heavy sidespin-topspin.
  • Rapid Push-Off: Push hard off the right foot to spring backward into ready position for the opponent's hurried counter-block.

8. Service Deception & 3rd-Ball Attack Strategies

The serve is the only closed-loop skill in table tennis where the player possesses total control over the ball. ITTF rules mandate that the ball must rest on an open palm, be tossed vertically at least 16cm without spin, and remain visible to the receiver at all times (no hiding with body or arm):

1. The Pendulum & Reverse Pendulum Spectrum

Standard Pendulum: Struck with the wrist swinging from right to left like a grandfather clock pendulum. Generates heavy sidespin that kicks toward the receiver's right side.

Reverse Pendulum: Wrist swings outward from left to right across the body, reversing the sidespin direction. Highly deceptive when paired with identical pre-contact toss motions.

2. Deceptive Contact Contact Points (Topspin vs Backspin Fake)

Elite servers use the exact same high-speed arm swing. By contacting the ball near the bottom tip of the blade, they impart heavy backspin; by contacting the ball near the base (sweet spot) with a slight upward brush, they produce pure "no-spin" or topspin. Receivers who misread the spin push the ball off the end of the table or pop it up for a kill.

3. The 3rd-Ball Attack Protocol

Serve → Anticipate the return → Kill. If the server serves short side-backspin to the receiver's backhand, the expected return is a long push toward the server's backhand or middle. The server pivots instantly (stepping around) and crushes a lethal third-ball forehand loop winner.

9. Domestic Indian Competitive Ecosystem: TTFI & National Rankings

Competitive table tennis in India is governed by the Table Tennis Federation of India (TTFI), founded in 1926. The domestic ranking structure provides systematic entry into the national team:

TTFI Age-Group National Ranking Pyramid
  • Under-11 (Hopes) & Under-13 (Cadet): Foundational age-group circuits across 5 Zonal ranking tournaments annually.
  • Under-15 (Sub-Junior) & Under-17 (Junior): Crucial scouting tier for SAI National Centres of Excellence (NCOE) and the Indian Youth squad.
  • Under-19 & Senior National Championship: The premier domestic battleground where state teams and institutional units compete for national titles and central team selections.
Ultimate Table Tennis (UTT)

India's premier professional franchise league (featuring teams like Goa Challengers, Chennai Lions, Dabang Delhi TTC, PBG Bengaluru Smashers, U Mumba TT). UTT pairs young Indian players with top 50 international Grand Smash champions, offering lucrative player contracts (₹3 Lakhs to ₹25 Lakhs per season) and prime-time sports broadcast exposure.

10. World Table Tennis (WTT) Tour Structure & ITTF World Rankings

In 2021, the ITTF launched World Table Tennis (WTT) to modernize professional tournament structures into a tiered commercial circuit comparable to tennis's ATP/WTA:

Tournament Tier Winner ITTF Ranking Points Total Prize Purse (USD) Field Composition
WTT Grand Smash (Singapore, Saudi, China) 2,000 Points $1,500,000 to $2,000,000 64-player draw; top 50 world ranked players mandatory entry
WTT Champions 1,000 Points $400,000 to $500,000 Top 32 men and women exclusively; zero qualifying rounds
WTT Star Contender (e.g., WTT Goa) 600 Points $250,000 to $300,000 48-player main draw; attracts top 20 players and national champions
WTT Contender 400 Points $75,000 to $100,000 Global stepping stone; won by Indian stars Sreeja Akula and Manika Batra
WTT Feeder Series 125–150 Points $20,000 to $30,000 Essential proving ground for emerging players seeking first 200 ranking spots

11. Modern Table Tennis Analytics: Point-Ending Shot Distribution & Shot Charts

Elite table tennis national teams track shot distributions and rally lengths using specialized spatial tracking tools:

Rally Length Distribution

Contrary to popular belief that table tennis is a game of endless 30-shot rallies, modern 40+ plastic ball data proves:

  • Shot 1 to 3 (Serve, Receive, 3rd Ball): Accounts for over 52% of all points scored at the world-class level.
  • Shot 4 to 5 (4th-ball counter & 5th-ball re-loop): Accounts for 28% of points.
  • Rallies > 6 shots: Account for only 20% of points. Training must prioritize short-game mastery.
Targeting the "Crotch / Elbow" Zone

Analytics reveals the highest error rates occur when attacks are directed straight at the opponent's dominant hip/elbow pocket. This forces the receiver to make an instantaneous indecisive choice between cramming their forehand or awkwardly jamming their backhand.

12. Physical Conditioning: Split-Step Footwork, Core Rotation & Ocular Reflexes

Table tennis requires the fastest neuromuscular reaction times of any Olympic racquet sport. Conditioning emphasizes explosive agility and ocular tracking:

1. The Split-Step & 2-Step Shuffling Footwork

Never cross your feet near the table. Players execute a tiny unweighting hop (the split-step) just as the opponent strikes the ball, followed by explosive side-to-side shuffle steps:

  • Side-to-Side Falkenberg Drill: Backhand counter from BH corner → Step around and play forehand from BH corner → Lateral shuffle to FH corner and play wide forehand loop. Repeat continuously for 3-minute intervals.
  • Agility Ladder In-and-Outs: High-cadence footwork drills keeping center of mass low on the balls of the feet.
2. Ocular Reaction Time & Dynamic Visual Acuity

Players train with strobe glasses and reaction light pods (Blazepod) to sharpen saccadic eye movements. Elite players do not watch the ball flight alone; they read the angle of the opponent's blade face 50 milliseconds prior to contact.

13. Footwear Engineering, Flooring Friction & Ankle Health

Table tennis footwork is predominantly lateral and close to the ground, requiring ultra-low-profile shoes:

Ultra-Low Stack Height

Unlike high-cushion basketball shoes, table tennis shoes (Mizuno Wave Drive, Butterfly Lezoline) feature paper-thin soles (5–8mm) to bring the foot as close to the floor as possible, eliminating rollover risk during lateral cuts.

Enka-Tex / Taraflex Red Matting

Official tournaments mandate specialized red PVC synthetic sports flooring (Taraflex/Enka-Tex) laid over sub-floor cushioning to absorb high-frequency joint impacts while providing consistent friction.

Achilles & Patellar Tendon Care

Extreme low-crouch loading creates tension along the Achilles tendon and patella. Incorporate eccentric slant board calf drops and Spanish squats into daily recovery.

14. Government Sports Quota Jobs, Indian PSUs & Career Economics

India's top public sector undertakings, public banks, and government agencies provide outstanding career stability for competitive table tennis athletes:

Recruiting Department / PSU Tournament Eligibility Standard Designation / Entry Rank Pay Scale (7th CPC / Bank Scale) Career Benefits
Petroleum PSUs (IOCL, ONGC, BPCL) Senior Nationals medal or Junior Nationals title Officer Grade (E-1 / E-2 Level) up to Senior Manager ₹60,000 – ₹1,40,000/month + corporate medical, executive quarters Home to Sharath Kamal, Sathiyan Gnanasekaran; full sponsorship for WTT international tours
Reserve Bank of India (RBI) / State Bank of India (SBI) National championship top 4 or All-India Inter-University medal Assistant / Probationary Officer (Scale I) / Manager (Scale II) ₹50,000 – ₹95,000/month + Bank quarters & allowances Exemplary employer of women players (Sreeja Akula, Ayhika Mukherjee); full tournament duty leave
Indian Railways (RSPB) National tournament medal or national ranking top 8 Junior Clerk (Level 2) up to Officer on Special Duty (OSD, Level 7) ₹35,000 – ₹85,000/month + Railway AC travel passes + pension 330 days annual sports duty leave for international training camps
Income Tax / Customs & Central Excise All-India Inter-University medal or Senior Nationals representation Tax Assistant / Inspector of Central Excise (Group B / C) ₹45,000 – ₹80,000/month + Central government gazetted track High administrative standing, flexible practice duty hours

15. Complete Equipment Specifications & Annual Budgetary Breakdown

Table tennis equipment requires regular replacement as rubbers wear down and lose surface grip after 60 to 90 hours of intense training:

Development Tier Blade & Rubbers Setup Coaching & Multiball Academy Fees Tournament Travel & Entry Fees Estimated Annual Budget (INR)
Grassroots / Cadet (Ages 7–12) 5-ply all-wood blade (₹2,500–₹4,500); introductory tensor rubbers (Yasaka Mark V / Xiom Vega, ₹2,200 × 2 = ₹4,400); court shoes (₹3,000) Local academy coaching & multiball sessions (₹2,000–₹5,000/month) District and state ranking tournaments (₹15,000/year) ₹35,000 – ₹75,000 / year
National Junior / Youth Tier (Ages 13–18) Carbon blade (Viscaria / Timo Boll ALC, ₹15,000); pro rubbers replaced every 2 months (Tenergy/Dignics, ₹6,500 × 8 = ₹52,000/year); Mizuno shoes Premier residential academy (Raman TT HPC, Ansul Garg Academy, SAI NCOE—often scholarship supported) 5 Zonal Nationals + National Championships travel & hotel (₹80,000–₹1,20,000) ₹1,80,000 – ₹3,50,000 / year
WTT Senior Pro Circuit (Top 100 Quest) Multiple custom blades (₹20,000 each); rubbers replaced every 2–3 weeks; custom booster glues; sports nutrition & physio Private foreign coach or European club residency (Ochsenhausen Germany, Hennebont France) 8–12 international WTT Feeder/Contender tournaments (Europe, East Asia; flights, visas, hotels: ₹8–15 Lakhs) ₹10,00,000 – ₹22,00,000 / year (Covered once backed by TOPS, Reliance, or PSU)

16. Frequently Asked Questions (Aspiring Table Tennis Player Queries)

Q1: What are the strict legal requirements for an ITTF-approved serve?

Under ITTF Rule 2.06: (1) The ball must rest freely on the open flat palm of the non-racquet hand; (2) The toss must be nearly vertical and rise at least 16 cm (about 6 inches) after leaving the palm; (3) The ball must remain behind the end line and above table level throughout the serve; (4) The server cannot hide the ball with their free arm, body, or clothing at any point before contact; and (5) The ball must bounce once on the server's side, pass over the net, and bounce on the receiver's side.

Q2: How often should competitive players replace their rubber sheets?

For competitive tournament players training 15–20 hours a week, inverted rubbers lose their micro-tackiness, elasticity, and grip after approximately 60 to 80 hours of active play (typically every 4 to 6 weeks). When the sweet spot shows a faded circle and can no longer generate heavy spin on brush loops, it must be replaced. Pimpled rubbers last longer (3 to 6 months) as long as pimples do not crack.

Q3: What is "rubber boosting" and is it legal in official competition?

Boosting involves applying chemical softening oils (like paraffin or VOC-free specialized boosters like Haifu Sea Moon) to the rubber's porous sponge before gluing. This expands the sponge cells, generating a massive catapult effect and extra spin. While volatile organic compound (VOC) speed glues were banned in 2008, VOC-free boosters are widely used by professional players, provided the total racket thickness does not exceed the legal 4.0 mm maximum limit and passes the ITTF RAE gas-spectrometer test.

Q4: Why are table tennis balls made of plastic (ABS) now instead of celluloid?

In 2014, the ITTF replaced traditional flammable celluloid balls with seamless non-flammable plastic composite balls (known as the "40+ ball"). The 40+ plastic ball is slightly larger (40.2mm vs 39.8mm), heavier, and harder. It produces approximately 15–20% less spin and slightly lower bounce speed, making rallies longer, easier to track on high-definition television broadcasts, and safer to transport commercially without hazardous fire classifications.

Q5: Can table tennis achievements secure university admission under the sports quota in India?

Yes. Top universities—including Delhi University (St. Stephen's, SRCC, Hindu College), Panjab University, SRM University, and Mumbai University—reserve up to 5% of seats under the sports quota for table tennis medalists. Representing your state at TTFI Junior Nationals, School Games Federation of India (SGFI) Nationals, or All-India Inter-University championships provides significant academic cut-off relaxations and athletic scholarships.

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